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As
in all languages, Japanese spoken and written text occurs in
many different genres. These genres, or text types, have particular
styles and conventions; one example of this is the あいさつ(greetings)
and季節の言葉 (seasonal
comments) usually used in a letter.
Senior students of Japanese are expected to produce a number
of text types, and one of their concerns is whether a particular
text type requires plain or polite language. But rather than
text type, level of politeness depends on the purpose of the
text, and the target audience. |
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These
could be found in a 新聞
(newspaper), 雑誌
(magazine), 学校の新聞
(school magazine) or a 壁新聞(news
poster, lit. wall newspapaer). The topic could be a news item,
a review, or a report. 記事are
usually written in plain form, but a more personal report could
be written in polite form (です/〜ます）to
create a rapport with the reader.
Also found in a 新聞is
a投書欄(letter-to-the-editor
column). In the 朝日新聞you
will find 投書in
the 読者のページ
(Readers' page) and オピニオンsessions,
and both plain and polite forms are used. |
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 The
purpose of an ad is to catch the readers' interest and persuade
them to buy, so they often start with a catch phrase rather
than a full sentence, e.g. 「早めのご注文で、待たずにお持ち帰り！」
In this case
敬語 (respect
language) is used in deference to a potential customer.
Advertisements for jobs are usually found in the 求人欄
(positions vacant column) of a 新聞.
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The
purpose of a speech is to engage with and appeal to an audience
（アピールする！),
so the polite form is used, although quotations in the speech
would be in the form appropriate to the situation. |
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The
popularity of email is increasing and gradually replacing
手紙 and 葉書.
Some 'shortcut' words used in emails (but not found in dictionaries)
are: |
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Here
are some of the things we ask our students to do in the various
text types! |
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| 話をする |
to
tell a story |
| 説明する |
to
explain |
| 意見を言う |
to
give your opinion |
| 感想を言う |
to
give your impressions |
| 宣伝する |
to
publicise, promote |
| お願いする、頼む |
to
request |
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Know
your text type! Is the following the beginning of a むかし話、日記、スピーチ、手紙
or 広告? Answers
below. |
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| 1. |
受付アルバイト募集！★学生歓迎
（うけつけあるばいとぼしゅう！★がくせいかんげい）
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| 2. |
「今日は、オーストラリアの高校生活について話したいと思います。」
（「きょうは、おーすとらりあのこうこうせいかつについてはなしたいとおもいます。」）
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みなさん、お元気ですか。こちらでは、暑くなってきて、いろいろな花が咲いています。
（みなさん、おげんきですか。こちらではあつくなってきて、いろいろなはながさいています。）
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むかし、むかし、あるところに、おじいさんとおばあさんがいました。 |
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7月4日：17歳になった。田中くんが今日プレゼントをくれるらしい。何だろう？楽しみ。
（しちがつよっか：じゅうななさいになった。たなかくんがきょうぷれぜんとをくれるらしい。なんだろう？たのしみ。）
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 Many
of you know 「文」,
the kanji for 'text'. But did you know that it came from the
picture of a pattern found on earthenware pots, and originally
meant 'beautiful pattern'? From that it came to mean 'written
character' and then 'sentence', written text'. Try matching
the following words to their meanings!
文字、文学、文化、天文
(culture, astronomy, letter/character, literature) |
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Answers: 1.広告、2.スピーチ、3.手紙、4.むかし話、5.日記 |
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This
section co-ordinated by Cathy
Jonak |
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& Copyright © The Japan Foundation, Sydney |
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